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choline salts and esters ​

Basic Information ​

FieldContent
Chinese namecholine salts and esters
English namecholine salts and esters
INS/E numberINS 1001
Functional classEmulsifier
Year adopted1978
Approved byAustralia/New Zealand (FSANZ)

What is it? ​

Choline salts and esters (e.g. choline chloride, choline bitartrate) are B-vitamin-like nutrients involved in phospholipid synthesis and methyl metabolism. As food additives they are mainly used as nutritional fortifiers.

Source ​

Industrial：由三甲胺与环氧乙烷等反应合成胆碱碱，再与酸成盐制得

Why is it used? ​

  • Nutritional fortifier supplying choline (an essential nutrient)
  • Supports infant brain and nervous-system development
  • Involved in fat metabolism, helps prevent fatty liver
  • Used in foods for special medical and sports nutrition
  • Pet-food nutrient supplement

Common Foods ​

  • Infant formula
  • Sports nutrition foods
  • Foods for special medical purposes
  • Cereals and nutrition bars
  • Dietary supplements
  • Pet foods

Safety ​

ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake)：Not applicable (evaluated, no limit set)

Concerns：

  • 过量摄入致鱼腥味体臭、恶心、低血压
  • 需控制强化剂量避免超标
  • 特定疾病人群须遵医嘱

Usage Standard ​

China：GB 14880《食品安全国家标准 食品营养强化剂使用标准》；GB 2760 列作营养强化剂相关

International：

  • EU Regulation 1333/2008 Annex II (E 1001)
  • FDA 21 CFR 184.1190 (choline salts, GRAS)
  • Codex GSFA (INS 1001)
  • FSANZ Food Standards Code (1001)
  • JECFA Monograph (Choline)

In a nutshell ​

Choline salts and esters are essential-nutrient fortifiers supporting brain development and fat metabolism, used per reference intakes.

Consumer Advice ​

Choline salts and esters (such as choline chloride and choline bitartrate) are sources of the essential nutrient choline and also act as emulsifiers in food. They are safe within approved limits; however, very high doses of choline may cause a fishy body odor, low blood pressure, or other effects, so consume according to label amounts.

Dietary Restrictions ​

  • Vegan: ✅
  • Halal: ✅
  • Kosher: ✅

Allergens ​

✅ Free from common allergens

Disclaimer ​

The information provided here is for discussion and educational purposes only. It is not medical advice or an evaluation/rating of any product or ingredient. This information may not apply to you; before using or taking any action, you should contact the manufacturer, vendor, medical, dietary, fitness, or other professionals. If you use any information provided here, you do so at your own risk.